How Diffusion of Responsibility Affects Group Behavior

Key Takeaways

• People act less often in groups because they think someone else will help.
• Seeing a person directly ask for help makes others more likely to act.
• In big groups, some feel they can hide not doing their part.

Diffusion of responsibility is a psychological phenomenon in which people are less likely to take action when in the presence of a large group of people.

For example, imagine you are in a large city on a bustling street. You notice a man fall to the ground and start convulsing as if having a seizure. Many people turn and look at the man, but no one moves to help or call for medical assistance.

Why? Because there are so many people present, no one person feels pressured to respond. Each person might think, “Oh, someone else has probably already called for help” or “No one else is doing anything, so it must not be that serious.”

This situation is often used to explain the bystander effect, which suggests that the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress. This isn’t to suggest people aren’t acting because they lack compassion, but that they may not be able to process a traumatic event as it unfolds, especially when others are around.

Darley and Latané on Diffusion of Responsibility

In a series of classic experiments conducted in the late 1960s, researchers John Darley and Bibb Latané asked participants to fill out questionnaires in a room which suddenly began to fill with smoke.

In one scenario the subjects of the experiment were alone when the smoke entered the room. Seventy-five percent of these subjects reported the smoke to researchers right away. But in another scenario, there was one subject and two people who were part of the experiment in the room. Since those two ignored the smoke, only 10% of the “naive” subjects reported the smoke.

Darley and Latané noted that once a person notices something is happening, a series of important decisions must first be made.

1. Notice a problem.
2. Decide if what they are witnessing is actually an emergency.
3. Decide if they should take personal responsibility to act, perhaps the most important step.
4. Decide what needs to be done.
5. Take action.

This process is complicated by the fact that these decisions often need to be made quickly. There is often an element of danger, stress, emergency, and sometimes personal risk involved. Additionally, ambiguity adds to this high-pressure situation. Sometimes it isn’t entirely clear who is in trouble, what is wrong, or what needs to be done.

Factors That Influence Diffusion of Responsibility

If onlookers are not really sure what is happening, are unclear about who is in trouble, or are unsure if the person really needs assistance, then they are far less likely to take action.

But people are more likely to help if they feel they have some sort of personal knowledge of or connection to the person in trouble. If a victim makes eye contact and asks a specific individual for help, that person will feel more compelled to take action.

And, sometimes people don’t step in to help because they feel unqualified. A person who has received specific training in first aid and CPR will probably feel more capable of offering assistance.

Researchers have discovered a number of different factors that can increase and decrease the likelihood that diffusion of responsibility will occur. If bystanders do not know the victim, they’re less likely to help and more likely to expect someone else in the crowd to offer assistance.

Other Instances of Diffusion of Responsibility

Ever been part of a team at work and felt like not everyone was pulling their weight? This too might be an instance of diffusion of responsibility. People feel less motivation to work toward a common goal and slackers may even go out of their way to hide how little they’re contributing. This is also known as “social loafing.”

A related concept is deindividuation, in which being part of a large group may cause you to exhibit behaviors that you would otherwise be much less likely to do on your own or outside the large group.

A much more consequential type of diffusion of responsibility occurs within hierarchical organizations. Subordinates who claim to be following orders avoid taking responsibility for committing what they logically know to be illegal or immoral actions. This kind of group behavior led to such crimes against humanity as the Nazi Holocaust.

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

1. Beyer F, Sidarus N, Bonicalzi S, Haggard P. Beyond self-serving bias: diffusion of responsibility reduces sense of agency and outcome monitoring. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2017;12(1):138-145. doi:10.1093/scan/nsw160

2. Darley JM, Latané B. Bystander Intervention in Emergencies: Diffusion of Responsibility. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1968;8(4):377-383. doi:10.1037/h0025589

3. Kassin S, Fain S, Markus HR. Social Psychology. 9th edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; 2014.

4. Alnuaimi OA, Robert LP, Maruping LM. Team Size, Dispersion, and Social Loafing in Technology-Supported Teams: A Perspective on the Theory of Moral Disengagement. Journal of Management Information Systems. 2010;27(1):203-230. doi:10.2753/MIS0742-1222270109

Additional Reading

• Hortensius R, de Gelder B. From Empathy to Apathy: The Bystander Effect Revisited. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2018 Aug;27(4):249-256. doi:10.1177/0963721417749653

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the “Everything Psychology Book.”

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